Mi bin lusim planti aua tumas long go insait longol teknoloji bilong putim pawa. Tru tumas, wanem samting i bin stat olsem laik save long 'battery setup' bilong neiba bilong mi i kamap olsem wanpela samting we mi tingting planti long en. Olsem na dispela em samting mi painimaut pinis-na bilipim mi, sampela bilong ol dispela samting i mekim mi kirap nogut.
Ples i senis tru. Faivpela yia i go pinis, mipela i bin toktok long 'lithium-ion' na 'pumped hydro'. Em tasol. Nau? Ol opsen i klostu planti tru.
Stori bilong Lithium-Ion
Olgeta manmeri i save long 'lithium-ion'. Fon bilong yu, laptop, ating kar bilong yu-em i stap long olgeta hap. Tasol hia em ples we ol samting i kamap gutpela long grid-skel na ol aplikesen bilong haus.
Density bilong eneji em i gutpela tru. Mipela i toktok long 150-250 Wh/kg, we i min olsem yu ken putim bikpela spes bilong putim ol samting insait long ol liklik yunit. Skelim dispela wantaim 'lead-acid' we inap 35-40 Wh/kg, na yu stat long kliagut long wanem as 'lithium-ion' i kisim ples hariap tru. Em i no klostu tu.
Raun-trip gutpela wok i stap klostu long 85-95%. Em i bikpela samting. Long olgeta 100 kWh yu putim, yu kisim 85-95 bek aut. Eneji i stap yet i kamap hat, na dispela i as na 'thermal management' i bikpela samting long ol dispela sistem. Mi bin lukim ol instolesen we i no gat gutpela kol na i daunim wok bilong en long 10-15 pesen poin. Bikpela rong.
Laip bilong saikel i save senis tru bihainim kemistri na pasin bilong yusim. LFP (lithium iron phosphate) sel inap long paitim 4,000-6,000 saikel long 80% dip bilong 'discharge'. NMC kemistri? Moa olsem 1,500-2,000 aninit long wankain kondisen. Dispela samting i narapela em i bikpela samting taim yu wok long skelim laiptaim veliu.
'Degradation curve' em samting we ol kampani i no save tok strong long en oltaim. Yu lusim samting olsem 2-3% kapasiti long wan wan yia maski yu yusim gut. Bihain long 10-pela yia, dispela 10 kWh bateri em i 8 kWh bateri tru. Planim gut.
Ol 'Flow Batteries': Em i no gutpela opsen
Mi mas tok tru olsem mi no tingim tumas ol 'flow battery' inap planti yia. I luk olsem wanpela liklik teknoloji we bai i no inap long kamap bikpela. Mi bin rong.
Dispela tingting i naispela tru: tupela 'electrolyte' solusen i stap insait long ol narapela tenk, na ol i pamim i go insait long wanpela 'cell stack' we ol i save senisim ol 'ions' long wanpela 'membrane'. Pawa autput i dipen long sais bilong 'stack'. Eneji kapasiti i dipen long sais bilong tenk. Yu ken skelim ol wanwan-dispela em i gutpela tru long sampela aplikesen.
Ol 'vanadium redox flow' bateri (VRFBs) i bosim ol bisnis nau. 'Round-trip efficiency em i liklik long 'lithium-ion-typical 65-75%-}tasol dispela em samting: 'electrolyte' i no save bagarap olsem ol 'lithium-ion electrodes' i save mekim. Sampela kampani i tok 20,000+ saikel wantaim liklik lus bilong kapasiti. Ol i ken yusim gen dispela 'electrolyte' inap oltaim oltaim.
Tasol mak bilong lek i bikpela tru. Yu nidim spes bilong ol tenk, ol pam, ol sel stak, ol sistem bilong mekim kol. Long ol yutiliti-skel instolesen wantaim 4+ aua rikwaemen, ekonomiks i stat long luk naispela. Bilong sindaun? Em i no inap long mekim. Nogat yet.
Pumped Hydro: Still the Giant
Dispela em i hap we mi mas spendim sampela taim, bikos ol i save lusim tingting long 'pumped hydro' insait long ol toktok bilong putim pawa, na dispela em i wanpela rong.
Long wol, pamp haidro i makim samting olsem 95% bilong grid-skel eneji stoa kapasiti we ol i putim. Larim dispela i go insait. Olgeta 'lithium-ion hetlain, olgeta 'flow battery press releases-ol i resis long kisim dispela 5% i stap yet. Ol namba i bikpela tru: moa long 160 GW bilong 'pumped hydro capacity' long wol, na i save bungim pawa we i stap long planti handet GWh.
Dispela as tingting i no inap long kamap isi moa. Putim wara i go antap taim pawa i no gat bikpela pe o i gat planti. Larim em i ron i go bek long ol 'turbine' taim yu nidim pawa. Gravitasenel potensel eneji, i stap na i go aut. Nogat ol narakain samting, nogat kompleks kemistri, nogat wari bilong bagarap long pasin bilong bipo.
Raun-trip efisiensi i stat long 70-85%, i dipen long disain bilong instolesen. I no antap olsem 'lithium-ion', tasol em i gutpela long ol 'flow battery'. Na dispela em i bikpela samting: ol sistem i save stap longpela taim. Bath County Pumped Storage Station long Virginia i bin wok stat long 1985. Klostu 40 yia bilong wok gut. Traim painim wanpela 40-yia-olpela bateri we i wok yet.
Taim bilong bekim i kamap gutpela tru wantaim ol 'variable-speed pump-turbines. Ol instolesen bilong nau inap long stat long zero i go long ful autput insait long tupela minit tasol. Em i hariap inap long planti wok bilong strongim grid.
Limitesen we i klia em i 'geography'. Yu nidim difrens bilong elevesen na wara. Planti gutpela ples i kamap pinis long ol ples olsem Nowe, Swiselan, na sampela hap bilong Amerika. Tasol-na dispela em i gutpela tru-i gat bikpela laik long ol 'closed-loop' sistem we i no dipen long ol wara bodi. Ol main we ol i lusim pinis, ol 'reservoir' we ol i wokim long as bilong en, na tu ol hul bilong ston aninit long graun.
Ol kos bilong konstraksen i stap antap yet. Mipela i toktok long planti bilien dola bilong ol bikpela instolesen na ol taimlain bilong givim tok orait we ol i skelim long ol yia, sampela taim ol tenpela yia. Dispela 'front-loaded investment em i bikpela banis long nupela divelopmen, i no ol teknikel limitesen.
Kompresen Ea
CAES-kompresen win eneji stoa. Tupela bikpela plent tasol i wok nau: Huntorf long Jemani (stat long 1978) na McIntosh long Alabama (stat long 1991). Tupela i yusim ol hul bilong sol aninit long graun. Gutpela wok i stap klostu long 40-50% long ol tradisenel adiabatik disain, tasol ol gutpela 'isothermal' rot i tok promis long 70%+. Gutpela teknoloji, liklik wok bilong yusim. Go het.
Askim bilong Haidrojen
Mi save go i kam long haidrojen. Sampela de mi ting em i bihain taim bilong longpela taim bilong putim ol samting. Long ol narapela de, ol lus bilong 'efficiency' i luk olsem i no inap long winim.
Dispela em i as tingting bilong matematiks we i save mekim ol manmeri i pundaun. Electrolysis i save ron long 60-80% efficiency. Kompresen o 'liquefaction' i save kisim narapela hap strong. Taim yu senisim i go bek long pawa long rot bilong wanpela 'fuel cell', yu lukluk long ating 40-60% efisiens. Putim ol dispela wantaim na 'round-trip efficiency' bai kamap namel long 25-45%. Em... i no gutpela.
Tasol wok gut em i no olgeta samting. Hydrogen i gat samting we ol narapela teknoloji i no inap long givim: trupela sisen stoa we i no gat bagarap. Wokim haidrojen long taim bilong san taim sola autput i go antap tru, putim long ol hul o tenk aninit long graun, na yusim long taim bilong kol taim diman i go antap. Electrolyte insait long wanpela flow battery bai wok yet bihain long 6-pela mun bilong sindaun nating, tru, tasol hydrogen i stap tasol. Nogat wari long 'self-discharge.
Narapela gutpela samting em inap long mekim kain kain wok. Haidrojen we i stap i ken kamap pawa gen, yes. Tasol em inap tu long givim kaikai long ol wok bilong indastri, givim bensin long ol kar, o kamapim hat. Dispela opsenel i gat gutpela pe tru, maski em i hat long skelim.
Kwik Toksave long ol Flaiwil
Klostu mi lusim tingting long ol flaiwil. Ol i save putim 'kinetic energy' insait long wanpela 'spinning rotor'-planti taim ol i save yusim ol 'carbon fiber composites' we i save ron insait long wanpela 'vacuum' bilong daunim 'friction'. Taim bilong bekim em i save kamap hariap tru, na dispela i mekim ol i gutpela tru long stretim ol 'frequency'. Tasol eneji kapasiti i sot. Yu lukluk long ol minit bilong stoa, i no ol aua. Beacon Power i save operetim wanpela 20 MW fasiliti long New York we i save mekim gutpela wok long stretim ol 'frequency'. Bilong putim planti samting? Lukluk long narapela hap.
Thermal Storage i kamap gutpela
Sol we i melt, wesan we i hat, ol wara we i save kamapim 'cryogenic', ais-i gat planti kain kain samting i stap hia winim tingting bilong ol manmeri.
Ol sola pawa plent i bin yusim 'molten salt storage' inap planti yia. Gemasolar plent long Spen inap long kamapim pawa inap long 15 aua sapos san i no lait stret long en, na em i yusim hat we i stap insait long ol 'molten nitrate salts' we i stap klostu long 565 digri. Em i wanpela teknoloji we i gat pruf.
Samting we i save amamasim mi long nau em i hatpela wesan na ston bilong putim ol samting. Ol dispela sistem i yusim ol samting we i no gat bikpela pe na planti samting we inap long sanap strong long taim bilong san antap long 1000 digri. Nogat ol narakain saplai sen bilong wari long en. Wanpela kampani bilong Finlan ol i kolim Polar Night Energy i wokim wanpela 100 MWh wesan bateri we i bin wok long komesel stat long 2022. Raun-trip efisiensi i daunbilo-ating 50-60% bilong pawa{-60% bilong pawa{-60% long pawa-} tasol sapos yu inap long kisim pawa 90%+.
Ice storage bilong ol wok bilong mekim kol em i mas tok tu. Mekim ais long nait taim pawa i no gat bikpela pe, yusim long mekim ea kondisen long taim bilong apinun. Simpol, gutpela, na ol i putim pinis long planti tausen komesel bilding. Em i no naispela, tasol em i wok.
Olsem na ol i save skelim olsem wanem?
Trupela bekim em: em i dipen long wanem samting yu wok long mekim. Mi nolaik tru long dispela bekim, tasol em i tru.
Ol samting yu mas mekim longpela taim
Long sub-seken bekim na sotpela-durasen nid (seken i go long minit), ol 'flywheel' na 'supercapacitor' i save bosim. Ol i gat bikpela pe long wan wan kWh tasol ol i no inap winim spit bilong ol. Lithium-ion i save lukautim gut tru 1-4 aua windo-dispela em i ples we planti ol haus na bisnis i save stap long en. Taim yu pusim i go pas long 8-10 aua, ol 'pumped hydro' na flow' bateri i kamap gutpela moa. Long taim bilong putim ol samting long olgeta wik o mun, haidrojen em i wanpela gutpela rot tasol nau.
Ol samting we i tru
Ol kos bilong 'lithium-ion pack' i bin pundaun tru-long samting olsem $1,100/kWh long 2010 i go long samting olsem $140/kWh long 2024. Dispela em i wanpela gutpela samting tru. Tasol pe bilong ol bateri em i hap tasol bilong dispela samting. Balens bilong sistem, instolesen, grid intakoneksen, larim-ol dispela "soft kos" i wok long bosim projek baset. Wanpela 100 kWh residensiel sistem i ken kostim $20,000-35,000 long putim, dispela i dipen long ples na ol lo bilong ples.
Pumped hydro i gat liklik pe bilong putim long ol wok we i stap longpela taim, planti taim em i $50-80/MWh long laiptaim bilong projek. Hevi em dispela 'upfront capital requirement' we mi bin tok long en pastaim. Yu nidim ol investa we i gat pasin bilong wet.
Ol 'flow battery' i gat bikpela pe yet-ating $300-500/kWh bilong ol ful sistem-tasol longpela laipspan i senisim 'math' long ol 'levelized costs'. Sapos aplikesen bilong yu i laikim 10,000+ saikel insait long 20 yia, ranim ol namba gut.
Ol samting bilong tingim long sait bilong envairomen
Dispela em i hap we mi save kisim liklik tok, sori. Wok bilong wokim 'lithium-ion i gat ol bikpela hevi long envairomen-ol wok bilong painim 'cobalt', yusim wara bilong kisim 'lithium', na ol hevi bilong 'recycling' long pinis bilong 'lithium'. Mipela i wok long kamap gutpela long olgeta dispela, tasol pasin bilong giaman olsem ol bateri i klin tru em i samting nating. Pamp haidro i save senisim ol ples na ol ekosistem, tasol ol 'closed-loop' disain i save daunim ol hevi. Haidrojen we i kam long 'electrolysis' em i klin wankain olsem pawa we i givim pawa long en. Ol dispela 'tradeoffs' i bikpela samting na i mas i gat stretpela toktok long en.
Wanem samting mi laik tok orait long en
Long planti haus na liklik bisnis? Lithium-ion, moa yet LFP kemistri. Teknoloji i kamap gutpela pinis, ol man i save putim dispela teknoloji i kliagut long en, na ol prais i kamap gutpela tru. Putim wantaim sola antap long rup na bai yu gat wanpela sistem we bai helpim yu gut inap 10-15 yia.
Long ol projek we i gat grid-skel wantaim 4+ aua, toktok i kamap gutpela moa. Mi bai skelim gut ol 'flow battery' wantaim 'lithium-ion', moa yet sapos aplikesen i nidim bikpela 'cycle counts'. Na noken rausim 'pumped hydro' bikos em i luk olsem olpela - we ples i larim, planti taim em i nambawan longpela taim invesmen.
Lukluk gut long ol nupela teknoloji tu. Ol 'sodium-ion' bateri i wok long kamap gutpela long salim na ol i ken daunim prais bilong 'lithium-ion' insait long sampela yia. Ol ain-ea bateri i save givim gutpela eneji densiti long ol wok we i save stap longpela taim. Ol i wok long salim ol 'gravity storage' we ol i yusim ol strongpela blok na i no wara.
Ples i wok long senis hariap. Wanem samting i luk gutpela tru tude ating bai i no inap kamap bekim insait long 5-pela yia. Dispela pasin bilong no klia i save givim bel hevi sapos yu mas mekim disisen nau, tasol em i save givim amamas tru tu. Mipela i wok long senis long hau wol i save bungim pawa, na spit bilong kamapim ol nupela samting i no wok long go daun.