Wanpela bikpela samting bilong pefomens bilongol bateri bilong putim pawaem i 'discharge performance' bilong ol. Long skelim pasin bilong 'discharge' bilong bateri aninit long ol narapela narapela kondisen, em i gutpela long skelim 'discharge curve' bilong bateri, we planti taim em i wanpela 'curve' we i soim senis bilong 'discharge voltage' long taim. Ol kain kain discharge kondisen i gat ol discharge strateji, na ol narapela discharge strateji bai kamapim ol narapela discharge curves. Ol strateji bilong rausim wara i save inkludim rot bilong rausim wara, rausim karent, voltej bilong pinisim, na tempereja bilong ples.
Rot bilong rausim
I gat tripela rot we bateri i ken rausim: rausim pawa oltaim, rausim pawa oltaim, na rausim pawa oltaim. Ol kain 'discharge curve' i stap long piksa 1-5, we i soim ol senis long 'discharge current', 'voltage', na pawa long taim bilong 'discharge' aninit long dispela tripela 'discharge modes'.
Long taim bilong 'constan-resistance discharge, 'operating voltage' na 'discharge current' bilong bateri i save go daun isi isi long taim. Wankain olsem, aninit long 'constant-current discharge, opereting voltej tu i save go daun taim discharge proses i go het. Dispela go daun bilong 'operating voltage' wantaim longpela taim bilong 'discharge' em bikos 'internal resistance' bilong bateri i go antap. Na tu, wantaim bikpela yusim bilong bateri pawa long ol pawa tul, lektrik kar, na ol narapela aplikesen, pawa discharge i wok long kamap oltaim. Long taim bilong pawa discharge i stap oltaim, voltej bilong bateri i save go daun oltaim na discharge current i save go antap oltaim taim discharge i go het.
Discharge current
Taim bateri i wok, ol i kolim 'discharge current' bilong 'current' we em i save kamapim. Ol i save kolim tu 'discharge current' olsem 'discharge rate', na planti taim ol i save yusim 'auurly rate' (ol i save kolim tu olsem 'auurly rate') na 'multiplier'.
Discharge rate i makim mak bilong bateri i save discharge, na ol i skelim long taim bilong discharge. Moa stret, em i taim bilong lusim ful kapasiti bilong bateri yusim wanpela spesifik 'discharge current', we ol i save kolim long aua (h). Olsem, long wanpela bateri we i gat mak bilong 10 amp-aua (A·h), sapos em i 'discharge' wantaim 'current' bilong 2A, 'discharge rate' bilong en em 5-pela aua (10A·h/2A=5h), mining olsem bateri i 'discharge' long 5-aua reit.
Discharge rate i makim 'current value', we ol i soim olsem wanpela 'multiple' bilong 'rated capacity' bilong bateri, taim ful kapasiti bilong bateri i lusim ful kapasiti insait long wanpela spesifik taim. Olsem, 2C 'discharge' i min olsem 'discharge current' i tupela taim moa long 'rated capacity' bilong bateri, planti taim ol i save makim long 2C (we C i makim 'rated capacity' bilong bateri). Long wanpela bateri we i gat 'rated capacity' bilong 10A·h, 2C 'discharge' (i gat wanpela 'dimensional issue' hia, olsem, ol yunit bilong 'capacity' na 'current' i no wankain, tasol dispela em i wanpela komon yus, olsem na ol bai no inap senisim) i min olsem 'discharge current' em 2 x 10=20 (A), we i wankain olsem 'discharge rate' bilong 5.0h. Ol kain kain na disain bilong ol bateri i gat kain kain 'adaptability' long taim bilong 'discharge': sampela i gutpela long 'low-' 'current discharge', na sampela i wok gut moa long bikpela 'current'. Planti taim, ol 'discharge rates' we i liklik o wankain olsem 0.5C ol i kolim 'low rates'; ol dispela namel long 0.5C na 3.5C ol i kolim 'medium rates'; ol dispela namel long 3.5C na 7C ol i kolim ol 'high rates'; na ol dispela we i winim 7C ol i kolim ol olsem 'ultra-hai reit.
Voltej bilong pinisim
Taim ol i rausim bateri, ol i save makim 'initial voltage value' olsem 'starting operating voltage'; taim voltej i go daun long wanpela mak we i no inap long rausim moa, dispela voltej poin ol i kolim 'termination voltage'. Spesifik veliu bilong dispela 'termination voltage' em i save kamap long han bilong man bilong testim bihainim ol samting we ol i mas mekim na ekspiriens bilong em long bipo.
Set terminesen voltej i save senis bihainim ol narapela narapela discharge kondisen na impak bilong ol long bateri kapasiti na laipspan. Ol i save yusim ol liklik 'termination voltage' long ol ples we i no gat planti kol o aninit long ol bikpela 'current discharge' kondisen, tasol ol i save yusim ol bikpela 'termination voltage' aninit long ol liklik 'current discharge' kondisen. Dispela i kamap bikos 'polarization' namel long ol 'battery electrodes' i save go antap tru long taim bilong 'low-tempereture' o 'high-current discharge, na dispela i save mekim na ol i no inap yusim gut ol 'active materials' na 'voltage' i save pundaun hariap. Olsem na, sapos yu daunim gut 'termination voltage' dispela i helpim long rilisim moa eneji. Long narapela sait, taim yu yusim liklik -karent discharge, ol ektiv komponen insait long bateri i save yusim gut moa. Long dispela taim, sapos yu skruim 'termination voltage' bilong daunim 'deep discharge' dispela inap long mekim bateri i stap longpela taim moa.
Tempereja bilong ples
Olsem yumi lukim long piksa 1-6, temperaja bilong ples i gat bikpela impak long 'discharge curve'. Long ol bikpela tempereja, 'discharge curve' i soim wanpela isipela 'trend'; tasol, taim tempereja i go daun, dispela senis i kamap bikpela tru. As bilong dispela em olsem long taim bilong liklik hat, 'migration rate' bilong ol 'ion' i go daun, na dispela i mekim 'ohmic internal resistance' i go antap. Long ol bikpela hevi, sapos tempereja i go daun tumas, 'electrolyte' inap long kamap ais, na dispela i ken pasim wok bilong 'discharge' bilong bateri. Na tu, long ol liklik tempereja, 'electrochemical polarization' na 'concentration polarization' i save kamap strong, na dispela i save mekim 'decay rate' bilong 'discharge curve' i go hariap moa.
Piksa 1-6 Ol 'discharge curves' bilong ol 'lead-acid' bateri long ol narapela narapela temperaja
Kapasiti na spesifik kapasiti
Bateri kapasiti i makim hamas pawa we ol i ken kisim long wanpela bateri aninit long sampela 'discharge' kondisen. Ol i save kolim yunit olsem ampere-aua (Ah). I dipen long wanem samting i kamap tru, ol i ken brukim 'battery capacity' i go long 'theoretical capacity', 'actual capacity', na 'rated capacity'.
Theoretical capacity (Co) i makim hamas pawa we ol i ken givim aninit long ol gutpela kondisen taim ol samting i wok i insait long 'electrochemical reaction' bilong bateri. Dispela veliu em ol i skelim long hevi bilong samting i wok, bihainim lo bilong Faraday. Lo bilong Faraday i tok olsem i gat wanpela stretpela rilesensip namel long hevi bilong samting we i stap insait long riaksen long 'electrode' na hamas 'charge' em i givim; taim 1 mol bilong 'active material' i insait long 'electrochemical' proses bilong bateri, em inap long rilisim wanpela 'charge' we i wankain olsem 26.8 A·h o 1 farad (F). Olsem na, dispela kalkulesen fomula i stap:
Insait long fomula, m em i hevi bilong samting we i wok taim em i wok gut; n em i namba bilong ol 'electron' we ol i kisim o lus long taim bilong 'flow reaction'; na M em i 'molar mass' bilong samting we i wok.
Insait long fomula, ol i kolim K olsem 'electrochemical equivalent' bilong 'active substance'.
Olsem yumi lukim long ekwesen (1.5), 'theoretical capacity' bilong wanpela 'electrode' i go wantaim hevi bilong 'active material' na 'electrochemical equivalent'. Wantaim wankain hevi bilong ol samting i wok, liklik bilong 'electrochemical equivalent', bikpela bilong 'theoretical capacity'. Ol 'electrochemical equivalents' bilong sampela 'electrode materials' i stap long Tebol 1-3.
Tebol 1-3 Elektrokemikel Ikwivalens bilong Sampela Elektrod Materiel
| Negative Electrode Material | Density (g/cm3) | Spesifik Kapasiti (mA·h/g) | Gutpela Elektrod Samting | Density (g/cm3) | Spesifik Kapasiti (mA·h/g) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H₂ | - | 0.037 | O₂ | - | 0.30 |
| Li | 0.534 | 0.259 | SOCl₂ | 1.63 | 2.22 |
| Mg | 0.74 | 0.454 | I go pinis | 7.4 | 2.31 |
| Al | 2.699 | 0.335 | SO₂ | 1.37 | 2.38 |
| Fe | 7.85 | 1.04 | MnO₂ | 5.0 | 3.24 |
| Zn | 7.1 | 1.22 | NiOOH | 7.4 | 3.42 |
| Cd | 8.65 | 2.10 | Ag₂O | 7.1 | 4.33 |
| (Li)Cl₂ | 2.25 | 2.68 | PbO₂ | 9.3 | 4.45 |
| Pb | 11.34 | 3.87 | I₂ | 4.94 | 4.73 |
Na tu, ol i save yusim ol tingting bilong 'actual capacity' na 'rated capacity'. Kapasiti tru i makim hamas pawa wanpela bateri inap long givim aninit long ol spesifik discharge kondisen. Trupela kapasiti i no inap long 'theoretical maximum value' tasol tu long ol 'specific discharge conditions'.
Rated kapasiti, long narapela sait, em i wanpela standet set bilong bateri long taim bilong disain na wokim proses; em i minimam autput kapasiti we bateri i mas winim aninit long ol spesifik discharge kondisen, ol i save kolim tu olsem nominal kapasiti.
Taim ol i skelim ol narapela kain bateri insait long wankain 'series', ol i save yusim 'specific capacity' bilong skelim. Speseli, spesifik kapasiti i makim hamas pawa wanpela bateri inap long givim long wan wan yunit mas o volium, olsem, mas spesifik kapasiti (Ah/kg) na volium spesifik kapasiti (Ah/L). Em i bikpela samting long luksave olsem taim yu skelim hevi na volium bilong wanpela bateri, antap long tingim ol samting bilong 'electrode' na 'electrolyte', yu mas tingim tu ol narapela samting bilong bateri, olsem 'casing', 'separator', na ol narapela samting we i save karim pawa. Moa yet long ol 'storage battery' na 'fuel cells', olgeta hevi na volium i gat olgeta samting bilong helpim ol samting, olsem ol tenk bilong putim ol wara, ol samting bilong kirapim ol samting (bilong ol 'storage battery'), o ol 'active material storage' na saplai sistem, ol 'control system', ol 'heating units', na ol narapela samting (bilong ol 'fuel cells').
Taim yumi kamapim tingting bilong 'specific capacity', yumi ken skelim wok bilong ol bateri bilong ol kain kain na sais. Bateri kapasiti i bruk i go long 'theoretical capacity' na 'actual capacity'; wankain olsem, spesifik kapasiti i gat ol 'theoretical' na 'actual' aspek tu.
Eneji na spesifik eneji
Eneji bilong bateri i makim olgeta lektrik eneji we bateri i save kamapim taim em i mekim wok aninit long ol spesifik discharge kondisen, we ol i save kolim long watt-hours (W·h). Eneji bilong bateri i gat wanpela 'theoretical' eneji na wanpela eneji tru.
Sapos bateri i stap wankain long taim bilong 'discharge' na 'discharge voltage' bilong en i wankain olsem 'electromotive force' bilong en, na tu sapos olgeta 'active materials' i insait long 'chemical reaction', orait 'energy' we bateri i givim i mas wankain olsem 'theoretical maximum energy' bilong en Wo.
'Theoretical energy' bilong wanpela bateri em i mak bilong wok we bateri i mekim aninit long wankain tempereja, wankain presa, na 'reversible discharge' kondisen.
Eneji tru (W) i makim eneji we bateri i save givim aninit long sampela 'discharge' kondisen. Em i kamap long namba taim ol i multiplaim 'actual capacity' wantaim 'average operating voltage'. Bikos ol samting insait long bateri i no inap long yusim gut, na 'operating voltage' bilong en i save liklik long 'theoretical electromotive force', tru tru eneji i save liklik long 'theoretical energy'.
Spesifik eneji i makim eneji we wanpela bateri i save rilisim long wan wan yunit mas o yunit volium. Eneji autput long wanwan yunit hevi bilong bateri em i mas spesifik eneji, we ol i save skelim long watt-aua long wanwan kilogram (Wh/kg). Eneji autput long wan wan yunit volium bilong bateri em i volium spesifik eneji, we ol i save soim long watt-aua long wan wan lita (Wh/L). Na tu, tingting bilong spesifik eneji i ken bruk i go long 'theoretical' (W) na 'actual' (W), we ol i ken skelim 'theoretical mass specific energy' long yusim 'equation' (1.9):
Insait long fomula, K+ em i 'electrochemical equivalent' bilong 'positive electrode material'; K- em i 'electrochemical equivalent' bilong 'negative electrode material'; na E em i 'electromotive force' bilong bateri.
Pawa na spesifik pawa
Pawa bilong bateri i makim pawa bilong bateri long wan wan yunit taim aninit long ol spesifik discharge kondisen, na yunit bilong skelim em watt (W) o kilowatt (kW). Taim ol i tingim dispela autput pawa long sait bilong hevi o volium bilong bateri, ol i kisim tingting bilong spesifik pawa. Speseli, mas spesifik pawa i skelim hamas wat pawa wanpela yunit mas bilong bateri inap long givim, na yunit bilong en em W/kg; taim volumetric specific power i soim pawa we wanpela yunit volium bilong bateri i kamapim, na yunit bilong en em W/L.
Pawa na spesifik pawa i soim 'discharge rate' bilong wanpela bateri. Wanpela bikpela pawa bilong bateri i min olsem bateri inap long 'discharge' long bikpela 'current' o bikpela 'rate'. Olsem, wanpela 'zinc-silver bateri inap long kisim wanpela pawa we i winim 100 W/kg taim em i 'discharge' long wanpela 'medium current density', na dispela i soim olsem em i no gat strong insait long en na em i gutpela 'high-rate 'discharge' pefomens. Tasol, wanpela 'zinc-manganese dry cell battery inap long kisim wanpela pawa bilong 10 W/kg tasol taim em i wok long liklik 'current density', na dispela i soim olsem em i gat bikpela 'internal resistance' na i no gat gutpela 'high-rate discharge performance. Wankain olsem pawa bilong bateri, pawa tu i gat pawa bilong tingting na pawa tru.
Ol i ken tok strong bilong wanpela bateri olsem:
Insait long fomula, t em i taim; Co em i 'theoretical capacity' bilong bateri; na mi em i nau.
Strongpela pawa bilong bateri i mas olsem:
Insait long fomula, mi2R i makim pawa we 'internal resistance' bilong bateri i yusim. Dispela pawa i no gat wok long lod we ol i putim; em i save senis i go long hat eneji na i save lusim olsem hat.
Saiklon laip
Long ol bateri, laip bilong bateri, o taim bilong yusim, em i wanpela bikpela samting bilong skelim wok bilong bateri. Olgeta taim bilong 'charge-discharge saikel em i wanpela taim bilong wanpela bateri.
Aninit long ol spesifik 'charge-discharge kondisen, namba bilong ol 'cycles' we wanpela bateri inap long karim pastaim long 'capacity' bilong en i go daun long wanpela 'specific value' em i 'cycle life' o 'usage cycle' bilong en. Sapos bateri i stap longpela taim, dispela bai mekim gutpela wok long bateri. Ol kain kain bateri i save stap longpela taim; olsem, ol bateri bilong nikel-kadmium inap long mekim planti tausen saikel, tasol ol bateri bilong zinc-silva i gat liklik saikel tasol, sampela i no winim wan handet. Em i gutpela long luksave olsem maski ol bateri bilong wankain kain ol i ken gat narapela narapela 'cycle life' bikos ol i gat narapela narapela 'internal structure' bilong ol.
Laip bilong bateri i save senis long kain kain samting. Antap long gutpela yusim na mentenens, ol dispela bikpela samting i mas kamap tu: 1 Long taim bilong 'charge-discharge cycles, 'surface area' bilong 'active material' i go daun isi isi, na dispela i mekim 'operating current density' i go antap na 'polarization' i kamap strong moa; Ol samting we i wok long ol 'electrode' i ken bruk o senis; Taim bateri i wok, sampela samting bilong 'electrode' i ken bagarap; Ol 'dendrites' we i kamap long ol 'electrodes' taim ol i wok long 'cycling' inap long kamapim ol sot seket insait long bateri; Sepereta i ken bagarap; 6-pela 'crystal morphology' bilong 'active material' i save senis long taim bilong 'charge-discharge cycles, na dispela i save daunim wok bilong en.
Pefomens bilong stoa
Pefomens bilong putim bateri i makim mak bilong lus bilong eneji insait long bateri taim em i stap long wanpela open-seket stet aninit long ol spesifik envairomen kondisen (olsem tempereja na humiditi). Dispela samting ol i save kolim tu olsem 'self-discharge. Sapos hap bilong eneji i lus long taim bilong putim samting i liklik, dispela i soim olsem bateri i gat gutpela wok bilong putim samting.
Taim wanpela bateri i stap long wanpela 'open-seket stet, maski em i no givim lektrik eneji i go ausait, em i save go insait long wanpela 'self-discharge proses. Dispela samting i kamap bikos long 'thermodynamic instability' bilong ol 'electrodes' insait long 'electrolyte' envairomen, na dispela i save kamapim ol 'spontaneous redox reactions' namel long ol 'electrodes'. Maski ples i drai, sapos sil i no tait inap, ol samting i kam insait olsem win o wara inap long kirapim wanpela 'self-discharge effect insait long bateri.
Self-discharge rate i ken kamap tu olsem namba bilong ol de we i kisim long bateri i go daun long wanpela mak taim ol i putim long stoa, ol i kolim 'shelf life'. I gat 'dry shelf life' na 'wet shelf life'. Olsem, wanpela 'storage battery', we ol i no putim 'electrolyte' pastaim long yusim, em i ken stap longpela taim; dispela kain bateri inap long stap longpela taim na i no drai. Stoa wantaim 'electrolyte' ol i kolim 'wet storage'; wetpela stoa i save kamapim strongpela 'self-discharge effect na sotpela wet shelf laip. Olsem, wanpela 'zinc-silver bateri inap long stap drai inap 5-8 yia, tasol wetpela laip bilong en em inap sampela mun tasol.