pawa bilong pawa
◆Discharge pefomens bilong ol eneji stoa bateri
Taim 'external circuit' i op, mining olsem i no gat pawa i ron long bateri, ol i makim 'potential difference' namel long ol 'positive' na 'negative electrode' olsem 'electromotive force' bilong bateri (EMF), we planti taim ol i save makim long 'symbol' E. Veliu bilong EMF em i wanpela bilong ol samting we i soim hamas pawa bilong pawa i stap insait long baterisistem bilong bateriinap long kamapim. Folem ol prinsipol bilong 'thermodynamic', mipela i gat...
Insait long fomula, AG i makim senis long Gibbs fri eneji; n i makim namba bilong ol 'electron transfer'; E i makim 'cell electromotive force'; na F i makim Faraday konstan.
Ikwesen (1.2) i soim olsem bikpela bilong 'electromotive force' bilong bateri i dipen long ol samting we i stap insait long kemikel riaksen, ol kondisen bilong riaksen (olsem tempereja) taim bateri i wok, na wok bilong ol 'reactants' na ol prodak, na i no gat hevi long 'geometry' o sais bilong bateri.
Open seket voltej
Open-voltej bilong wanpela bateri i makim 'potential difference' namel long ol 'positive' na 'negative' terminal taim ol i rausim 'external circuit' long bateri. Em i bikpela samting long luksave olsem bikos ol 'positive' na 'negative' terminal i no bin kamap long 'thermodynamic equilibrium' insait long 'electrolyte solution', 'open-circuit voltej i save stap liklik long 'electromotive force' (EMF) bilong en. EMF em i wanpela 'theoretical value' we ol i skelim long ol 'thermodynamic' fomula, na 'open-circuit voltage' em i wanpela 'real value' we ol i kisim long rot bilong 'direct experimental measurement'; tupela i klostu tru long veliu. Long painimaut stret 'open-voltage bilong 'circuit', nogat wanpela karent i mas ron long masin bilong skelim samting long taim bilong skelim; wanpela hai-resistans voltmita ol i save yusim long dispela tes.
Na tu, ol i save yusim tu tingting bilong 'nominal voltage' long risets bilong prodaksen. Nominal voltej em i wanpela stretpela mak bilong voltej bilong wanpela bateri, ol i save kolim tu olsem 'rated voltage', na ol i save yusim long luksave long wanem kain bateri. Olsem, 'open-voltage bilong wanpela 'lead-acid battery em i klostu long 2.1V, na 'nominal voltage' bilong en i stap long 2.0V; 'nominal voltage' bilong wanpela 'zinc-manganese' bateri em 1.5V; na 'nominal voltage' bilong wanpela 'cadmium-nickel' bateri na wanpela 'nickel-metal hydride' bateri em 1.2V.
Intanal resistans
Intenel resistans bilong wanpela bateri, ol i save kolim olsem intanel resistans (Rinsait), i makim 'resistance' we i save kamap taim pawa i ron insait long bateri. Dispela intanel resistens i gat tupela hap: wanpela em i ohmik intanel resistens we i kamap long ol samting bilong dispela samting yet; narapela em i moa 'polarization' intanel resistens we i kamap long 'polarization phenomenon' long pes bilong 'electrode' long taim bilong 'electrochemical reaction'.
Ohmik resistans (R0) i save kisim hevi long ol pasin bilong 'electrolyte', ol samting bilong 'membrane', na ol samting bilong 'electrode'. Ohmik resistans bilong wanpela 'electrolyte solution' i klostu long 'specific composition' bilong en, 'concentration level', na 'ambient temperature'. Planti taim, ol i save makim 'electrolyte concentration' bilong ol bateri insait long mak bilong bikpela 'conductivity'. Resistens we ol 'membrane micropores' i save kamapim long 'migration' bilong ol 'electrolyte ions' ol i kolim 'membrane resistance', olsem, 'resistance' we ol 'ions' i save bungim taim ol i go insait long ol 'membrane micropores'. Ohmic resistance bilong membrane i save kamap long ol samting olsem kain electrolyte, membrane material, porosity, na digri bilong pore tortuosity. Solid-feis resistans long ol 'electrodes' i gat resistans bilong ol 'active material particles' yet, 'contact resistance' namel long ol 'particles', 'contact resistance' namel long 'active material' na 'conductive framework', na olgeta 'resistances' bilong 'conductive framework', 'conductive busbars', na ol 'terminals'. Long taim bilong 'discharge', 'composition' na 'morphology' bilong 'active material' i ken senis, na dispela i save kamapim bikpela senis long 'resistance'. Long daunim 'solid-phase resistance, ol i save putim ol 'conductive components', olsem 'acetylene black-graphite', long 'active material' bilong mekim 'conductivity' bilong en i go antap. Ohmik intanel resistans bilong wanpela bateri i save kamap tu long ol samting olsem sais bilong en, asembli, na straksa bilong en. Sapos asembli i liklik na spes bilong ol 'electrode' i liklik, orait 'ohmic internal resistance' i go daun.
Polarisasen resistens (R) i makim intanel resistens we i kamap insait long wanpela kemikel pawa sos bikos long polarisasen long taim bilong ol elektrokemikal riaksen long ol positif na negatif elektrod. Polarisasen resistans i inkludim namba bilong ol resistans we i kamap long 'electrochemical polarization' na 'concentration polarization'. Bikpela bilong en i save kamap long ol samting bilong ol samting i wok, 'electrode structure', na wok bilong wokim bateri, na em i klostu tru long wok bilong bateri. Olsem na, 'polarization resistance' i save senis wantaim ol senis long 'discharge mode' na 'discharge time'.
Opereting voltej
Opereting voltej bilong bateri, ol i save kolim tu olsem 'load voltage' o 'discharge voltage', i makim 'potential difference' namel long ol 'positive' na 'negative' terminal bilong bateri taim pawa i ron long wanpela 'external circuit'. Taim pawa i ron long bateri, long daunim resistens we i kamap long 'polarization resistance' na 'ohmic resistance', mak bilong 'operating voltage' we ol i skelim i save stap daunbilo long 'open-circuit voltej aninit long no-lod kondisen.
Olsem yumi ken lukim long 'equation' (1.3), taim 'internal resistance' bilong bateri i bikpela, 'operating voltage' bilong bateri i go daun, na 'energy output' bilong en i liklik. Tru tumas, 'internal resistance' bilong bateri i mas liklik tru.