Ol samting bilong 'cathode' em i nambawan as bilong ol 'lithium ions' insait long wanpelalithium-ion bateri. Taim ol i sasim, ol i save rausim ol 'lithium ions' long 'crystal lattice' bilong 'cathode material' na i go insait long 'anode material'; narapela samting i save kamap long taim bilong 'discharge'. Pasin bilong senisim na 'voltage plateau' bilong 'cathode material' long taim bilong sasim na rausim i save makim strong bilong 'energy density' bilong 'lithium-ion' bateri. Na tu, bikos ol samting bilong katod i gat ol metal olsem litiam, kobalt, na nikel, em i nambawan bikpela samting long pe bilong litiam-ion bateri.
Wok bilong kamapim ol 'cathode materials' we i gat bikpela 'energy density', bikpela 'output voltage', longpela sevis laip, na isi long wokim em i bikpela samting tru. Wanpela gutpela katod materiel i mas inapim ol dispela besik kondisen.
(1) I gat bikpela 'redox potential', na dispela i mekim na bateri i gat bikpela 'output voltage'.
(2) Em inap long kisim planti 'lithium ions', na dispela i mekim na bateri i gat bikpela kapasiti.
(3) Long taim bilong putim na rausim ol 'lithium ions', 'cathode material' inap long holim strong 'structural stability' bilong en, na dispela i mekim 'electrode' i stap longpela taim.
(4) Em i gat gutpela 'electronic' na 'ion conductivity', na i save daunim lus bilong eneji we i save kamap long ol 'polarization effects', na long dispela rot i save mekim bateri i ken sasim na rausim hariap.
(5) Voltej bilong bateri i mas stap insait long mak bilong 'electrochemical stability' bilong 'electrolyte', na long dispela rot bai i no gat planti kemikel riaksen namel long 'electrode material' na 'electrolyte'.
(6) Em i no ken i gat liklik pe tasol na i gat isipela rot bilong wokim ol samting, tasol em i mas soim tu olsem em i no bagarapim envairomen.
Na tu, ol samting bilong 'cathode' i mas soim gutpela 'electrochemical' na 'thermal stability'.
Ol 'cathode materials' we i stap pinis ol i ken brukim i go long tripela lain bihainim ol 'crystal structure' bilong ol: 1-pela 'layered structure', olsem 'lithium cobalt oxide' (LiCoO2) na ol 'ternary' samting (LiNiCo, Mni-x-yO2); olivine straksa, olsem lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4); spinel structure oxides, olsem lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) na lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNi10.5Mn1.5O4). Ol kain kain 'cathode' i gat kain kain 'energy density', 'electrochemical characteristics', na pe bilong en, na dispela i mekim ol i gutpela long ol kain kain wok na wok. Ol 'layered structure cathode materials' i makim ol 'cathode materials' we i gat 'layered microcrystalline structure', we i gat 'lithium cobalt oxide', 'lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide', na 'lithium-rich manganese oxide. Namel long ol, 'lithium cobalt oxide' na 'lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide' em ol samting we planti manmeri i save yusim long wokim ol 'lithium-ion' bateri insait long ol dijitel ilektronik prodak na pawa 'lithium-ion' bateri. Ol i gat bikpela eneji densiti, gutpela saikel pefomens, na gutpela ovarol pefomens, tasol bikpela hap bilong ol metal olsem nikel, kobalt, na manganis i save mekim ol i kostim bikpela mani.
Lithium cobalt oxide cathode material
Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) em i wanpela saientis bilong Amerika na i kisim Nobel prais long Kemistri, JB Goodenough, na Sony Corporation bilong Japan i bin maketim pastaim long 1990s. Iven tude, 'lithium cobalt oxide' i stap yet olsem wanpela bilong ol 'cathode' samting we i gat bikpela 'volumetric energy density'. Long dispela as, ol i save yusim planti long ol dijitel 'pouch cell' prodak we i nidim bikpela 'volumetric energy density', olsem ol mobail fon, ol 'smartwatch', na ol 'Bluetooth' hetset.
Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), as one of the earliest commercially available cathode materials, possesses a volumetric energy density unmatched by other cathode materials. Electrodes prepared from LiCoO2 can achieve a compaction density exceeding 4.2 g/cm², and a specific capacity of 185 mA·h/g at high voltage (>4.45V). Na tu, LiCoO2 i soim gutpela 'electronic' na 'ionic conductivity', 'power efficiency', na 'fast-charging characteristics, na i inapim ol samting we ol 'consumer electronics' bateri i laikim na i gat planti kain wok. Long lukluk long ol dispela samting, LiCoO2 i stap yet olsem wanpela bilong ol gutpela 'cathode' samting inap nau.
Ol bikpela rot bilong wokim 'lithium cobalt oxide' em 'high-temperature solid-state synthesis, sol-gel synthesis, na low-coprecipitation. Hai-temperature solid-stet sintesis i involvim miksim litiam sol na kobalt-i gat ol oksait o haidroksait insait long wanpela spesifik stoikiometrik resio, bihain ol i kukim miks long wanpela gutpela tempereja inap long wanpela taim, bihain ol i mekim i kol, pulverisim, na sivim long kisim sempel. Maski ol i save yusim 'high-temperature solid-state synthesis method long indastriel prodaksen, em i save kisim bikpela haptaim, i nidim bikpela 'synthesis' tempereja, na i save kamapim ol bikpela, no wankain paura wantaim bikpela 'stoichiometric deviations', na dispela i save mekim kos i go antap tru.
Ol samting bilong 'phosphate cathode'
Long 1997, Goodenough et al. namba wan taim ol i bin kamapim 'lithium iron phosphate' (LiFePO4) olsem wanpela 'cathode material' bilong ol 'lithium-ion' bateri.
Bikos em i no gat bikpela pe, strongpela straksa, na gutpela sefti, dispela samting i kamap isi isi olsem wanpela bilong ol 'cathode' samting we ol i save laikim long wokim ol 'lithium-ion' bateri insait long ol lektrik bas na ol eneji stoa sistem.
Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) i gat wankain kristal straksa na kristal sistem olsem iron phosphate (FePO4). Dispela i min olsem dispela samting i save kisim liklik senis long volium taim ol i putim/rausim 'lithium-ion', na dispela i save stopim bagarap long 'lattice' we i save kamap taim volium i go bikpela o liklik. Na tu, dispela pasin i save mekim gutpela 'electrical contact' namel long ol liklik hap na ol 'conductive additives', na dispela i save kamapim gutpela 'cycle stability' na i stap longpela taim. Na tu, 'lithium iron phosphate' em i gat nem long em i no bagarapim envairomen, em i no gat bikpela pe, em i gutpela sefti, em i gat bikpela spesifik kapasiti (inap olsem 170 mA·h/g), na em i gat gutpela 'charge/discharge platform'. Long wanem ol dispela gutpela samting i kamap, ol i ting 'lithium iron phosphate' em i gutpela samting bilong wokim ol 'cathode' samting long ol bikpela wok bilong putim pawa.
Ol rot i gat sol-gel proses, kopresipitesen teknik, na haidrotemal sintesis. Moa yet, 'hydrothermal synthesis' i save kamapim stret prodak insait long wanpela 'autoclave' long rot bilong apim tempereja na presa, na yusim ol ain, 'lithium', na 'phosphorus' kompaun we i stap olsem ol 'raw materials'. Dispela rot i gat nem long isipela wok bilong en, liklik na wankain sais bilong ol liklik hap samting, na i no save yusim planti pawa. Tasol, em i gat ol hevi bilong indastriel prodaksen, namba wan bikos ol i nidim ol spesel disain bilong ol kontena we i no inap long karim presa. Kopresipitesen, long narapela sait, i save kamap insait long wanpela solusen sistem, we ol kain kain samting olsem konsentresen, tempereja kontrol, pH adjustmen, na 'stirring rate' i save senisim 'precursor morphology'. Long wanem, ol dispela samting i gat bikpela wok long mekim wok bilong laspela 'sintered LiFePO' materiel, em i bikpela samting long makim gut ol 'experimental conditions'. Ol prodak we ol i redim long dispela rot i no gat gutpela 'microstructure' (olsem, liklik na wankain sais bilong ol liklik hap) tasol tu i gat ol gutpela 'electrochemical' samting; tasol, em i gutpela long luksave olsem olgeta wok proses em i hat tru, na ol salens bilong filtresen na ol hevi bilong lukautim pipia i ken kamap taim ol i wok long prosesim.
Lithium manganese oxide na lithium-rich manganese-based cathode materials
Lithium manganese oxide
Insait long wok painimaut bilong ol 'lithium-ion battery cathode materials, narapela bikpela samting na i stap long stua em 'spinel-structured lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) cathode material we Thackeray et al i bin kamapim. long 1983. Spinel-structured lithium manganese oxide em i bilong 'cubic crystal system'. Kemikel komposesen bilong en em LiMn₂O₄. Insait long LiMn₂O₄ kristal straksa, oksijen i stap insait long wanpela pes-senta kubik klostu-pek straksa, taim manganese na oksijen i kamapim wanpela oktahedral straksa, olsem piksa i soim daunbilo.
Manganese i planti tru long ples, na ol rot bilong redim 'spinel-type lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) i gat kain kain pasin. Rot bilong wokim na prosesim teknoloji bilong dispela samting i save mekim stret long 'microstructure' na 'grain development' bilong laspela prodak. Olsem na, wok bilong stretim ol dispela wok bilong wokim ol samting em i bikpela samting long helpim wok bilong ol samting bilong 'electrode' long ol wok bilong en. Nau yet, indastri na ol saveman i save yusim tupela kain rot long redim LiMn2O4: wanpela em i wok long wok bung namel long ol strongpela raw materiel, olsem ol 'high-temperature solid-state reactions, microwave-assisted synthesis, na 'impregnation treatment' insait long 'molten salt media'.
Narapela kategori em i kemikel senis insait long wara, wantaim ol eksampel olsem sol-gel teknoloji, haidrotemal sintesis, na kopresipitesen teknik. LiMnzO4 i bin pulim planti luksave bikos long gutpela prais bilong en, gutpela 'thermal stability', strongpela 'overcharge resistance', na gutpela envairomen benefit. Tasol, dispela samting i gat ol sot long sait bilong 'cycling' na 'storage performance', moa yet long taim bilong bikpela hat, we 'cycling performance' bilong en i save go daun tru, na dispela i save mekim na i no inap long senisim strong bilong en.
'lithium-rich manganese-based
Antap long 'lithium manganese oxide', ol 'layered lithium-rich manganese-based materials i bin pulim bikpela luksave olsem wanpela 'emerging cathode material' bilong ol 'lithium-ion' bateri.
Ol rot bilong redim ol 'lithium-rich manganese-based cathode materials em ol rot bilong 'solid-state', ol rot bilong 'sol-gel', na ol rot bilong 'co-precipitation. Solid-stet rot em long miksim stret ol metal oksait na metal kabonet o metal haidroksait long wanpela mak, na bihain ol i mekim wanpela hai-temperature solid-stet riaksen long kisim ol leit litiam-rich materiel. Ol gutpela samting bilong 'solid-state method em inap bilong en long wokim planti 'layered lithium-rich materials, em i isi long redim, na em i no gat bikpela pe. Ol hevi em i no gutpela 'diffusion coefficient' bilong 'solid' long taim bilong 'solid-state sintering, na tu, ol narapela narapela 'transition metals' i gat narapela narapela 'diffusion rates' insait long 'solid-state reaction', na dispela i mekim hat long ol liklik samting long 'diffuse' gut. Olsem na, yunifomiti bilong ol samting ol i wokim i no gutpela, na dispela i save bagarapim wok bilong ol samting bilong katod. Sol-gel rot em long putim wanpela 'transition metal salt solution' long wanpela 'integrator' bilong kamapim wanpela 'sol', na bihain ol i mekim wara i kamap olsem 'gel', na bihain ol i draim na kukim long kisim ol 'layered lithium-rich materials. Dispela rot i save kamapim ol samting we i gat wankain distribusen na i gat bikpela klinpela, na ol 'electrodes' we ol i wokim i soim gutpela wok bilong 'electrochemical'. Tasol, ol hevi bilong en em longpela taim bilong wokim, na ol i nidim planti 'integrators' (ol 'organic acids' o 'ethylene glycol'), na dispela i save kamapim bikpela pe. Na tu, ol samting we ol i wokim i gat planti 'lithium-' em planti bilong ol em ol liklik 'nano/micron particles' wantaim liklik 'actual density'. Olsem na, dispela rot nau ol i save yusim long ol laboratori long wokim ol samting we i gat planti 'lithium- na em i hat long salim.
Ol samting bilong hai-nikel katod
Ol risetsa i bin wok long painim bikpela -temperature stebiliti na gutpela reit pefomens olsem ol namba wan mak taim ol i wokim 'cathode'
ol samting bilong wokim ol 'lithium-ion' bateri. Namel long tripela bikpela samting - LiCoO₂, LiNi₁ₓ₋ᵧCoₓMnᵧO₂ (NCM), na LiFePO₄ - NCM em i wanpela bilong ol gutpela samting bilong 'cathode' bikos em i gat bikpela spesifik kapasiti, liklik raw materiel, na pe bilong en i gutpela moa long sefti LiCoO2, na gutpela envairomen frenli na kost advantej long ol tradisenel materiel.
Dispela kain samting i gat wankain -NaFeO₂-taip 'layered crystal structure' na em i bilong R-3m spes grup. Dispela tingting em Liu et al i bin kamapim pastaim. long 1999. Em i bungim gut ol gutpela samting bilong tripela 'cathode materials' - 'lithium cobalt oxide' (LiCoO2), 'lithium nickel oxide' (LiNiO2), na 'lithium manganese oxide' (LiMnO2) - na em i stretim gut ol sotpela samting we i stap insait long wanwan samting (Piksa 5-5). Taim ol i stretim 'ratio' bilong ol 'transition metal elements', ol i ken kisim gutpela 'balance' namel long 'specific capacity', 'cycle performance', 'safety', na 'cost'.
Kristal straksa bilong 'lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide' (NCM) 'ternary cathode' samting i wankain olsem bilong LiCoO2, tupela i bilong 'hexagonal layered structure'.
